Gallium is produced exclusively as a by-product during the processing of the ores of other metals. This allows such sites to be imaged by nuclear scan techniques. [57], Multijunction photovoltaic cells, developed for satellite power applications, are made by molecular-beam epitaxy or metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy of thin films of gallium arsenide, indium gallium phosphide, or indium gallium arsenide. This alloy, with the trade-name Galinstan (with the "-stan" referring to the tin, stannum in Latin), has a low freezing point of −19 °C (−2.2 °F). At a typical feed concentration of 50 ppm, about 15% of the contained gallium is extractable. [6] The remainder reports to the red mud and aluminium hydroxide streams. Gallium has three valence electrons. ", ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral gallium is, Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, 1299 [2, values derived from reference 1]. W-7405-Eng-48". Melting point [57] Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) is used in high-power infrared laser diodes. [41], From its discovery in 1875 until the era of semiconductors, the primary uses of gallium were high-temperature thermometrics and metal alloys with unusual properties of stability or ease of melting (some such being liquid at room temperature). Gallium atoms, like those of phosphorus, can be used as substitutional impurities in silicon. [40], Mendeleev further predicted that eka-aluminium would be discovered by means of the spectroscope, and that metallic eka-aluminium would dissolve slowly in both acids and alkalis and would not react with air. The Mars Exploration Rovers and several satellites use triple-junction gallium arsenide on germanium cells. [41], Gallium was discovered using spectroscopy by French chemist Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 from its characteristic spectrum (two violet lines) in a sample of sphalerite. This list of electron configurations of elements contains all the elements in … [45] This is comparable to the crustal abundances of lead, cobalt, and niobium. The recent increase in GaAs consumption is mostly related to the emergence of 3G and 4G smartphones, which use 10 times more GaAs than older models. The nearly eutectic alloy of gallium, indium, and tin is a room temperature liquid used in medical thermometers. [57], Gallium arsenide and gallium nitride can also be found in a variety of optoelectronic devices which had a market share of $15.3 billion in 2015 and $18.5 billion in 2016. [17], Gallium does not exist as a free element in the Earth's crust, and the few high-content minerals, such as gallite (CuGaS2), are too rare to serve as a primary source.

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