In organic chemistry, phosphate or orthophosphate is an organophosphate, an ester of orthophosphoric acid of the form PO4RR′R″ where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups. Among these peoples turquoise was used in mosaic inlay, in sculptural works, and was fashioned into toroidal beads and freeform pendants. Values are at 25 °C and 0 ionic strength. It is restricted to a mine-riddled region in Nishapur, the 2,012 m (6,601 ft) mountain peak of Ali-mersai near Mashhad, the capital of Khorasan Province, Iran. The change can be caused by the light, or by a chemical reaction brought about by cosmetics, dust or the acidity of the skin. These are all small-scale operations, often seasonal owing to the limited scope and remoteness of the deposits. Rock phosphate can also be found in Egypt, Israel, Western Sahara, Navassa Island, Tunisia, Togo, and Jordan, countries that have large phosphate-mining industries. A common belief shared by many of these civilizations held that turquoise possessed certain prophylactic qualities; it was thought to change colour with the wearer's health and protect him or her from untoward forces. Formula: Cu3(PO4)2. Copper and iron workings are present in the area. The French conducted archaeological excavations of Egypt from the mid-19th century through the early 20th. Turquoise can also be adversely affected if stored in an airtight container. In Persia, turquoise was the de facto national stone for millennia, extensively used to decorate objects (from turbans to bridles), mosques, and other important buildings both inside and out,[citation needed] such as the Medresseh-i Shah Husein Mosque of Isfahan. Historically, light waxing and oiling were the first treatments used in ancient times, providing a wetting effect, thereby enhancing the colour and lustre. Phosphates are the naturally occurring form of the element phosphorus, found in many phosphate minerals. Turquoise, already favoured for its pastel shades since around 1810, was a staple of Egyptian Revival pieces. Climate factors appear to play an important role as turquoise is typically found in arid regions, filling or encrusting cavities and fractures in typically highly altered volcanic rocks, often with associated limonite and other iron oxides. Uptake of these substances by plants and marine life can lead to concentration of toxic heavy metals in food products. The gemstone has been known by many names. Addition of high levels of phosphate to environments and to micro-environments in which it is typically rare can have significant ecological consequences. In effect, H3PO4, H2(PO4)− and H(PO4)2− behave as separate weak acids because the successive pKa differ by more than 4. Very often the material sold as "reconstituted turquoise" is artificial, with little or no natural stone, made entirely from resins and dyes. [5] Iran also has turquoise mines in Semnan and Kerman provinces. Turquoise, associated with the goddess Hathor, was so liked by the Ancient Egyptians that it became (arguably[clarification needed]) the first gemstone to be imitated, the fair structure created by an artificial glazed ceramic product known as faience. In the trade reconstituted turquoise is often called "block turquoise" or simply "block". Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry.[2]. AMP, ADP, and ATP) and in DNA and RNA. [3][6] With lower hardness comes lower specific gravity (2.60–2.90)[3] and greater porosity; these properties are dependent on grain size. And de-capitalize your U in Cu, otherwise if it follows the naming nomenclature it … The three principal phosphate producer countries (China, Morocco and the United States) account for about 70% of world production. Odontolite is fossil bone or ivory that has historically been thought to have been altered by turquoise or similar phosphate minerals such as the iron phosphate vivianite. Around pH 9.8 (mid-way between the second and third pKa values) the monohydrogen phosphate ion, [HPO4]2−, is the only species present. Nevada has produced a wide diversity of colours and mixes of different matrix patterns, with turquoise from Nevada coming in various shades of blue, blue-green, and green. This process consists of pressure impregnation of otherwise unsaleable chalky American material by epoxy and plastics (such as polystyrene) and water glass (sodium silicate) to produce a wetting effect and improve durability. Typically the form is vein or fracture filling, nodular, or botryoidal in habit. Most are worked by hand with little or no mechanization. Large-scale turquoise mining is not profitable today, but the deposits are sporadically quarried by Bedouin peoples using homemade gunpowder. Smaller deposits are located in Montana, Tennessee, Georgia, and South Carolina. Give Copper the 3 charge from Phosphate, and give Phosphate the 2 charge from Carbon. Nevada turquoise is found as nuggets, fracture fillings and in breccias as the cement filling interstices between fragments. The turquoise is also a stone in the Jewish High Priest's breastplate, described in Exodus chapter 28. Copper(II) phosphate (not to be confused with copper(I) phosphate) is an inorganic compound consisting of copper cations and the phosphate anions; with the chemical formula Cu3(PO4)2. The largest global producer and exporter of phosphates is Morocco. The distinctive silver jewellery produced by the Navajo and other Southwestern Native American tribes today is a rather modern development, thought to date from around 1880 as a result of European influences. This region was known as the Country of Turquoise by the native Monitu. Phosphate can form many polymeric ions such as pyrophosphate), (P2O7)4−, and triphosphate, (P3O10)5−. Turquoise was among the first gems to be mined, and many historic sites have been depleted, though some are still worked to this day. Formula: Cu2HPO4. The Persian style and use of turquoise was later brought to India following the establishment of the Mughal Empire there, its influence seen in high purity gold jewellery (together with ruby and diamond) and in such buildings as the Taj Mahal. Like coral and other opaque gems, turquoise is commonly sold at a price according to its physical size in millimetres rather than weight. Opaque, blue-to-green mineral: hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, Some natural blue to blue-green materials, such as this, Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. [citation needed] The oldest evidence for this claim was found in Ancient Egypt, where grave furnishings with turquoise inlay were discovered, dating from approximately 3000 BCE. While nearly every county in the state has yielded some turquoise, the chief producers are in Lander and Esmeralda counties. At pH 1 or lower, the phosphoric acid is practically undissociated. All Bisbee turquoise was "lunch pail" mined.

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