Longer intervals were used in fMRI to ensure efficient deconvolution of the haemodynamic response associated with the presentation of the stimulus and with the motor response. We propose that mental state attributions are supported by processes evolved in the social domain, such as motor matching mechanisms and empathy, as well as by domain-general mechanisms such as inductive and causal reasoning. Results from the main effect of stimulus presentation across all types of stimuli are given in Table 1 and illustrated in Figure 4, top panel. A popular word processor previously contained an anthropomorphic character to assist users as they worked in the program. Place a New Order using the button below. Therefore, body structure can still be extracted from motion as readily as with motion-capture stimuli, possibly leading to a percept of natural motion. Imperfections of both characters and motions could more strongly induce the negative emotional response postulated by the ‘Uncanny Valley’ hypothesis for the more anthropomorphic characters. Data were then analysed as a two (motion) by three (characters) factorial design according to published guidelines (Penny and Henson, 2006), in order to isolate the brain regions, where activity is modulated by each of the two factors and by the interaction term between these factors. In a fMRI study, subjects were instructed to watch a video showing an actor lifting a box, and were able to infer the actor's expectation of the weight (Grezes et al., 2004b) or to perceive the actor's intent to deceive them (Grezes et al., 2004a). Published by Oxford University Press. Subjects were presented with different characters animated either with motion data captured from human actors or by interpolating between poses (keyframes) designed by an animator, and were asked to categorize the motion as biological or artificial. The fact that analyses focused on the characters failed to reach significance further suggests that, at the group level, the brain activity pertains to the subjective perception of the artificial agents used as stimuli rather than to their intrinsic features. The marked increase in interest in anthropomorphism and its consequences for animal welfare, conservation and even as a potential constraint in animal behaviour research call for an integrative review. Surprisingly, only with a more lenient threshold (P < 0.001 uncorrected, no extent threshold) was a cluster found in the superior and posterior temporal region (right posterior superior temporal sulcus, PFDR_corrected: 0.016, Z-score: 3.62, extent: 7 voxels, coordinates x = 48, y = −38, z = 10), while this brain area is believed to integrate from information carried by the ventral stream and motion information carried by the dorsal stream of visual processing during biological motion perception on the basis of macaque monkey electrophysiology (Oram and Perrett, 1996) and human neuroimaging experiments (Allison et al., 2000). This region has been repeatedly argued, in monkey (Oram and Perrett, 1996), humans (Puce et al., 2003) and computational simulations (Lange and Lappe, 2006), to be the site of integration of form and motion information coming from the ventral and dorsal streams of visual processing, respectively, during the perception of social signals such as actions or speech (Allison et al., 2000; Puce and Perrett, 2003). Compared with fully rendered characters, dots characters lead to decreased sensitivity. SDT was used to extract two independent measures from the subjects’ behaviour taking into account responses to both motion capture and keyframe animations. Yet, the finding that the regions negatively correlated with the response bias, which is itself negatively correlated with anthropomorphism, belong to the mirror system is in line with the idea that a anthropomorphic rendering of the body is necessary to induce mirror system activity (Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004). A total of 168 image volumes were acquired for each of the four experimental 7 min sessions. In addition, ANOVA using the characters as the factor of interest were used to ensure that the positive response to the bias could not be explained by a differential response to characters. Negatively correlated areas are found in the right ventral premotor cortex and posterior intraparietal sulcus. According to the popular press (Levi, 2004), anthropomorphic characters, for example those animated from the movements of real actors’ recorded using motion capture equipment in the movie The Polar Express (© Warner Bros Entertainment Inc.) ‘feel more uncanny’ than the stylized heroes moving unrealistically in The Incredibles (© Disney/Pixar). Full body characters include a body made of disconnected ellipsoid volumes, a robot with metallic shafts for body parts, a humanoid monster and human-like clown and jogger. Computer-animated characters provide an elegant way to reconcile research from these two approaches. Greenhouse–Geisser corrected P-values (GG) are reported, when the sphericity assumption is violated (Mauchly test of sphericity P < 0.05). This interpretation makes sense as perception of action is inherently linked to the attribution of intention to the agent (Blakemore and Decety, 2001). SPM (FDR-corrected P < 0.05, k > 50) and the SPSS (regression with the bias: Pearson's R and P regression, and effect of characters: P ANOVA) statistical analysis of regions showing significant correlation with the bias. ‘Hit’ is the proportion of motion capture stimuli correctly classified as biological and ‘False alarm’, the proportion of keyframe stimuli incorrectly classified as biological. Activity in motor-related cortices, predicted by the motor theory of social cognition (Gallese et al., 2004), and in the medial prefrontal cortex, involved in social cognitive processes such as mentalizing (Blakemore and Decety, 2001), appears to depend on the type of stimuli. This question was answered on: Jan 02, 2020, PRICE: $15 The role of the temporo-parietal junction in “theory of mind”, Point-light biological motion perception activates human premotor cortex, Being with virtual others: neural correlates of social interaction, Separate face and body selectivity on the fusiform gyrus, Virtual reality in behavioral neuroscience and beyond, Configural processing of biological motion in human superior temporal sulcus, Functional neuroanatomy of biological motion perception in humans, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA, Perceiving human locomotion: priming effects in direction discrimination, Area V5 of the human brain: evidence from a combined study using positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

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